![]() 1– 2 Retinol must be obtained directly through dietary intake, but may also be derived in its provitamin A forms obtained through dietary carotenoids. Retinol, the lipid-soluble vitamin A, is an absolute requirement for normal growth, vision and differentiation of epithelial tissues in mammals. More than two decades of exciting structure-function studies on these receptors together with the characterization of retinoid signaling pathways have led to innovative strategies and developments in the therapeutics for cancer, dermatology, metabolic disease and other human diseases.ġ.1. The six mammalian nuclear receptors for retinoids are encoded by distinct genes, but share many architectural and mechanistic features. A broad landscape of experimental and clinical studies have now revealed how retinoids regulate essential biological processes, acting as potent gene expression modulators during embryogenesis, organogenesis, cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. These proteins mediate both the organismal and cellular effects of intracellular retinoic acids and their synthetic analogs. The Retinoic Acid Receptors (RARs) and Retinoid X Receptors are among the most intensely studied nuclear hormone receptors. ![]() ![]() Retinoids bind to six distinct nuclear receptors in mammals, altering the transcriptional activity of these transcription factors from repressors to activators of gene expression.
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